{
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "bracafft",
      "title": "Development of a Caffeine Content Table for Foods, Drinks, Medications and Supplements Typically Consumed by the Brazilian Population (BraCaffT)",
      "publisher": "Nutrients (MDPI), via PubMed Central",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9608580/",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Chimarrão 26 mg/100 mL (range 14-52, 91 mg per 350 mL gourd) and tereré 24 mg/100 mL (range 17-36, 84 mg per 350 mL gourd).",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Checked the paper's table: chimarrão 26 (14-52), 91 per 350 mL gourd; tereré 24 (17-36), 84 per 350 mL gourd. All match drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "coke-faq",
      "title": "What is caffeine?",
      "publisher": "The Coca-Cola Company",
      "url": "https://www.coca-cola.com/us/en/about-us/faq/what-is-caffeine",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Coca-Cola contains 34 mg caffeine per 12 oz can; Diet Coke 46 mg.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Page says 34 mg for a 12-oz can of Coke and 46 mg for Diet Coke. Matches drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "coke-smartlabel",
      "title": "Coca-Cola (US), 12 fluid ounce can: SmartLabel nutrition facts",
      "publisher": "The Coca-Cola Company",
      "url": "https://smartlabel.coca-colaproductfacts.com/nutrition/index.html?upc=049000006346",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Coca-Cola 12 fl oz can (1 can, 1 serving per container): 140 calories, 0 g total fat, 39 g total carbohydrate, 39 g total sugars (39 g added), 0 g protein, 45 mg sodium.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "The Coca-Cola Company’s SmartLabel page for the 12 fluid ounce (355 ml) can, UPC 049000006346, lists 140 calories, 0 g total fat, 39 g total carbohydrate, 39 g total sugars and 0 g protein per can. These match drinks.json. Page last updated 10-Sep-2026 by the maker."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "coke-zero",
      "title": "Coca-Cola Zero Sugar: Discover Sugar-Free Soda (US)",
      "publisher": "The Coca-Cola Company",
      "url": "https://www.coca-cola.com/us/en/brands/coca-cola/products/zero",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Coca-Cola Zero Sugar: 34 mg caffeine per 12 fl oz serving; 0 calories, 0 g sugar, 0 g carbohydrate, 0 g fat, 0 g protein per 12 fl oz can.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Page says each 12-oz serving has 34 mg caffeine (about 34 mg in the FAQ) and its 12 fl oz can panel shows 0 calories, 0 g fat, 0 g carbohydrate, 0 g sugar, 0 g protein. Matches drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "fda-caffeine",
      "title": "Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much?",
      "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration",
      "url": "https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Decaf coffee typically 2-15 mg per 8 fl oz; green tea 37 mg and black tea 71 mg per 12 fl oz. For most adults, FDA cites 400 mg a day as an amount not generally associated with negative effects, and it estimates that toxic effects such as seizures can be observed with rapid consumption of around 1,200 mg.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Decaf 2-15 mg per 8 fl oz (200 ml scales to 1.7-12.7, matches). Green tea 37 mg and black tea 71 mg per 12 fl oz; 20 mg/100 g black tea scales to about 71 mg per 12 fl oz, matches. Re-read on 2026-11-09 for the caffeine facts (page says content current as of 08/28/2024): it cites 400 mg a day for most adults as not generally associated with negative effects, and estimates toxic effects like seizures with rapid consumption of around 1,200 mg (less than 1/2 teaspoon of pure caffeine). It gives no single-dose figure."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "monster-og",
      "title": "Monster Energy Original Green",
      "publisher": "Monster Energy Company",
      "url": "https://www.monsterenergy.com/en-us/energy-drinks/monster-energy/original-green/",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Original Green: 160 mg caffeine and 230 calories, based on a 16 fl oz can.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Page shows 160 mg caffeine and 230 calories, with 'Caffeine content based on 16 fl oz'. Sizes listed: 12, 16, 19.2, 24 oz. The page states no fat, carbohydrate, sugar or protein figure (no nutrition panel found), so drink macros stay null. Matches drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "pepsi-12",
      "title": "Pepsi - 12 fl oz (PepsiCo Product Facts)",
      "publisher": "PepsiCo",
      "url": "https://www.pepsicoproductfacts.com/Home/Product?gtin=00012000000133",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Pepsi 12 fl oz can: 38 mg caffeine; 150 calories, 0 g fat, 41 g carbohydrate, 41 g sugars, 0 g protein.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Product page shows serving size 1 can, caffeine 38 mg. Its embedded Nutrition Facts label (services/labels, gtin 00012000000133) shows 150 calories, 0 g fat, 41 g carbohydrate, 41 g sugars (41 g added), 0 g protein. Matches drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "pepsi-zero-12",
      "title": "Pepsi Zero Sugar - 12 fl oz (PepsiCo Product Facts)",
      "publisher": "PepsiCo",
      "url": "https://www.pepsicoproductfacts.com/Home/product?gtin=00012000018770",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Pepsi Zero Sugar 12 fl oz can (US): 38 mg caffeine; 0 calories, 0 g fat, 0 g carbohydrate, 0 g sugars, 0 g protein.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Product page shows serving size 1 can, caffeine 38 mg. Its embedded Nutrition Facts label (services/labels, gtin 00012000018770) shows 0 calories, 0 g fat, 0 g carbohydrate, 0 g sugars, 0 g protein. Matches drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "redbull-caffeine",
      "title": "How much caffeine is in a can of Red Bull Energy Drink?",
      "publisher": "Red Bull GmbH",
      "url": "https://www.redbull.com/us-en/energydrink/questions/how-much-caffeine-is-in-a-can-of-red-bull-energy-drink",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Red Bull caffeine: 80 mg (8.4 fl oz), 114 mg (12 fl oz), 151 mg (16 fl oz), 198 mg (20 fl oz).",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Page lists 80, 114, 151 and 198 mg for 8.4, 12, 16 and 20 fl oz. Matches drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "redbull-ingredients",
      "title": "Red Bull Energy Drink: Ingredients",
      "publisher": "Red Bull GmbH",
      "url": "https://www.redbull.com/us-en/energydrink/products/red-bull-energy-drink-ingredients-list",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Red Bull 8.4 fl oz: 110 kcal, 0 g fat, 29 g carbohydrate, 26 g sugars, 0 g protein, 80 mg caffeine.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Nutrition panel per 8.4 fl oz: 110 calories, fat 0 g, carbohydrate 29 g, sugars 26 g, protein 0 g, caffeine 80 mg. Matches drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-171890",
      "title": "Beverages, coffee, brewed, prepared with tap water",
      "publisher": "USDA FoodData Central (SR Legacy)",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171890/nutrients",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Brewed coffee: 40 mg caffeine per 100 g (analytical range 30-44), 1 kcal per 100 g.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Caffeine 40 (30-44), energy 1 kcal, protein 0.12 g and fat 0.02 g per 100 g. At 200 ml (1 g = 1 ml) these give 80 mg, 2 kcal, 0.24 g protein and 0.04 g fat; all match drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-171891",
      "title": "Beverages, coffee, brewed, espresso, restaurant-prepared",
      "publisher": "USDA FoodData Central (SR Legacy)",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171891/nutrients",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Espresso: 212 mg caffeine and 9 kcal per 100 g (2 caffeine data points, no min/max); 0.12 g protein, 1.67 g carbohydrate, 0 g sugar per 100 g.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Caffeine 212 (2 data points, no min/max), energy 9 kcal, protein 0.12 g, carbohydrate 1.67 g, sugars 0 per 100 g. At 30 ml these give 63.6 mg, 2.7 kcal, 0.04 g, 0.5 g; all match drinks.json. Fat 0.18 g per 100 g gives 0.054 g for 1 shot (30 ml) and 0.108 g for 2 shots (60 ml), which match drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-171917",
      "title": "Beverages, tea, green, brewed, regular",
      "publisher": "USDA FoodData Central (SR Legacy)",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171917/nutrients",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Green tea: 12 mg caffeine per 100 g (analytical range 8-18), 1 kcal per 100 g, 0 g fat, 0 g sugar.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Caffeine 12 (8-18), energy 1 kcal, fat 0, sugars 0 per 100 g. Matches drinks.json. Protein 0.22 g and carbohydrate 0 g per 100 g give 0.44 g and 0 g per 200 ml, which match drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-173227",
      "title": "Beverages, tea, black, brewed, prepared with tap water",
      "publisher": "USDA FoodData Central (SR Legacy)",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/173227/nutrients",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Black tea: 20 mg caffeine per 100 g (41 data points, no min/max), 1 kcal, 0.3 g carbohydrate per 100 g.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Caffeine 20 (no min/max), energy 1 kcal, protein 0, fat 0, carbohydrate 0.3 g per 100 g. Matches drinks.json. Sugars 0 g per 100 g gives 0 g per 200 ml, which matches drinks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-171265",
      "title": "Milk, whole, 3.25% milkfat, with added vitamin D",
      "publisher": "USDA FoodData Central (SR Legacy)",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171265/nutrients",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Whole milk per 100 g: 61 kcal, 3.15 g protein, 4.8 g carbohydrate, 5.05 g sugars, 3.25 g fat.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the page: energy 61 kcal, protein 3.15 g, total lipid 3.25 g, carbohydrate by difference 4.8 g, total sugars 5.05 g per 100 g. Matches milks.json (1 g taken as 1 ml)."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-171267",
      "title": "Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, with added vitamin A and vitamin D",
      "publisher": "USDA FoodData Central (SR Legacy)",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171267/nutrients",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Semi-skimmed (2%) milk per 100 g: 50 kcal, 3.3 g protein, 4.8 g carbohydrate, 5.06 g sugars, 1.98 g fat.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the page: energy 50 kcal, protein 3.3 g, total lipid 1.98 g, carbohydrate by difference 4.8 g, total sugars 5.06 g per 100 g. Matches milks.json. USDA's sugars figure is higher than its carbohydrate-by-difference figure; both are copied as stated."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-171269",
      "title": "Milk, nonfat, fluid, with added vitamin A and vitamin D (fat free or skim)",
      "publisher": "USDA FoodData Central (SR Legacy)",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171269/nutrients",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Skimmed milk per 100 g: 34 kcal, 3.37 g protein, 4.96 g carbohydrate, 5.09 g sugars, 0.08 g fat.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the page: energy 34 kcal, protein 3.37 g, total lipid 0.08 g, carbohydrate by difference 4.96 g, total sugars 5.09 g per 100 g. Matches milks.json. USDA's sugars figure is slightly higher than its carbohydrate-by-difference figure; both are copied as stated."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-2257046",
      "title": "Oat milk, unsweetened, plain, refrigerated",
      "publisher": "USDA FoodData Central (Foundation)",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/2257046/nutrients",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Unsweetened plain oat milk per 100 g: 48 kcal, 0.8 g protein, 5.1 g carbohydrate, 2.32 g sugars, 2.75 g fat.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the page: energy (Atwater general factors) 48 kcal, protein 0.8 g, total lipid 2.75 g, carbohydrate by difference 5.1 g, total sugars 2.32 g per 100 g. Matches milks.json. This is a USDA analysis of unsweetened plain oat milk, not one brand."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-1999630",
      "title": "Soy milk, unsweetened, plain, shelf stable",
      "publisher": "USDA FoodData Central (Foundation)",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1999630/nutrients",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Unsweetened plain soy milk per 100 g: 38 kcal, 3.55 g protein, 1.29 g carbohydrate, 0.56 g sugars, 2.12 g fat.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the page: energy (Atwater general factors) 38 kcal, protein 3.55 g, total lipid 2.12 g, carbohydrate by difference 1.29 g, total sugars 0.56 g per 100 g. Matches milks.json. This is the only unsweetened plain soy entry found; it is shelf stable."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-2257045",
      "title": "Almond milk, unsweetened, plain, refrigerated",
      "publisher": "USDA FoodData Central (Foundation)",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/2257045/nutrients",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Unsweetened plain almond milk per 100 g: 19 kcal, 0.66 g protein, 0.67 g carbohydrate, 1.56 g fat. USDA lists no total sugars row.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the page: energy (Atwater general factors) 19 kcal, protein 0.66 g, total lipid 1.56 g, carbohydrate by difference 0.67 g per 100 g. No total sugars row (sucrose 0.04 g, other sugars below detection), so sugarG stays null in milks.json."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "mystkowska-2024",
      "title": "Quantitative Analysis of Caffeine in Roasted Coffee: A Comparison of Brewing Methods",
      "publisher": "Applied Sciences (MDPI), peer-reviewed literature review",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/23/11395",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Cold brew caffeine in 11 lab studies (mostly HPLC; 21 results) in the review's Table 5: 48.00 to 180.10 mg per 100 mL, at 5:100 to 20:100 coffee to water (including concentrates and Robusta). Recipes vary, so the review gives no single typical value.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the paper's cold-brew section and Table 5. Text says 48.00-180.10 mg/100 mL (the abstract says 48.50-179.95; the table supports the text). Low 96 and high 360.2 mg per 200 ml are 2x the text range. Per-study midpoints of each study's reported range, for reference: [30] 125; [31] 86.7 (76.1-97.3); [23] 72; [34] 77.775 (75.05-80.5); [39] 113 (108-118); [40] 79 (63-95); [44] 108.35 (96.3-120.4); [47] 63.585 (48.87-78.3); [49] 148.35 (116.6-180.1, Arabica and Robusta); [59] 136 (135-137); [60] 48.5 (48-49).. The paper states no typical value; recipes differ and it says results are not directly comparable, so drinks.json gives the range only."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "efsa-2015",
      "title": "Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine",
      "publisher": "EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), EFSA Journal 2015;13(5):4102",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Caffeine is rapidly (tmax 30-120 min) and completely absorbed and freely crosses the blood-brain, placental and blood-testicular barriers; volume of distribution 0.671 L/kg bw. 70-80% is metabolised to paraxanthine by liver CYP1A2, which accounts for about 95% of clearance. Plasma half-life about 4 h (range about 2-8 h). Kinetics reported linear up to 10 mg/kg bw; a later study claimed non-linearity from 500 mg (about 7.1 mg/kg bw). Smoking raises clearance (1.22- to 1.72-fold) and oral contraceptives lower it (0.72-fold; half-life 15.5 h vs 5.6 h in a small study). CYP1A2 rs762551 (-163C>A) changes inducibility; genotype differences in activity were seen only in smokers or in non-smokers drinking more than two cups of coffee a day. In pregnancy half-life rose to 6-16 h in 15 women (11.5 h and 18 h reported at term, 3-4 times non-pregnant); neither fetus nor placenta can metabolise caffeine. Effects mainly via adenosine A1 and A2A antagonism, partly via facilitated dopamine D2 transmission. Tolerance to blood-pressure and heart-rate effects usually within a couple of days; its role in sleep sensitivity uncertain. Withdrawal symptoms 12-24 h after abstinence. Single doses up to 200 mg (about 3 mg/kg bw) and habitual intake up to 400 mg/day (about 5.7 mg/kg bw) raise no safety concern for healthy adults (400 mg except pregnant women); 100 mg (about 1.4 mg/kg bw) may affect sleep in some adults near bedtime; up to 200 mg/day in pregnancy raises no safety concern for the fetus; for children and adolescents data are insufficient and 3 mg/kg bw per day is proposed.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the full 120-page opinion: abstract, summary, sections 4.1 (ADME), 4.2 (pharmacodynamic effects), 4.4.3 (CNS) and 5.1-5.4 (intake levels of no concern). The Wiley page behind the DOI answered automated access with a bot check, so the text was read from EFSA's own PDF of the opinion (efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/4102.pdf, Internet Archive capture of 2015-11-17; PDF title 'Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine', EFSA Journal 2015;13(5):4102). Every figure in supports appears in that text. The opinion gives no general onset time for the stimulant effects (a blood-pressure rise is reported about 30 minutes after intake) and does not say whether caffeine is stored in tissue."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "efsa-explains-caffeine",
      "title": "EFSA explains risk assessment: Caffeine",
      "publisher": "European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)",
      "url": "https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/corporate_publications/files/efsaexplainscaffeine150527.pdf",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "EFSA's plain-language summary of its 2015 opinion: caffeine taken orally is absorbed rapidly and completely; its stimulatory effects may begin 15 to 30 minutes after ingestion and last a number of hours; half-life, the time to eliminate 50% of the caffeine, varies with age, body weight, pregnancy, medication and liver health, and averages about 4 h in healthy adults (range 2-8 h); a single 100 mg dose (about 1.4 mg/kg bw) may affect sleep duration and patterns in some adults, particularly close to bedtime.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the English PDF linked from EFSA's publication page (efsa.europa.eu/en/corporate/pub/efsaexplainscaffeine150527, published 27 May 2015). The 15-30 minute onset appears in this explainer only: the opinion's own text gives no general onset time for the stimulant effects (a blood-pressure rise is reported about 30 minutes after intake), and the explainer cites no study for it."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "iom-2001",
      "title": "Pharmacology of Caffeine (chapter 2 of Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations)",
      "publisher": "Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research, National Academies Press, 2001, via NCBI Bookshelf",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223808/",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "Caffeine is distributed throughout body water; its distribution volume is 0.7 L/kg, a value the chapter says suggests it is hydrophilic and distributes freely into intracellular tissue water. The body converts 70-80% of caffeine into paraxanthine. Oral contraceptive use can double caffeine half-life.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the chapter on NCBI Bookshelf in a browser. It describes distribution through body water but does not say that caffeine is never stored in tissue. It also gives a mean half-life of about 5 hours in healthy individuals (range 1.5-9.5 h), which no fact uses. It says the effect of newer oral contraceptives on half-life had not been studied (as of 2001)."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "drake-2013",
      "title": "Caffeine Effects on Sleep Taken 0, 3, or 6 Hours before Going to Bed",
      "publisher": "Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (Drake, Roehrs, Shambroom and Roth, 2013), via PubMed Central",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3805807/",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "12 healthy normal sleepers took 400 mg caffeine at 0, 3 or 6 h before habitual bedtime, or placebo, at home; sleep disturbance was significant versus placebo at each time. Home sleep monitor: total sleep time cut by 1.1-1.2 h at each time (all p < 0.05); the discussion says that even at 6 hours caffeine reduced sleep by more than 1 hour. Sleep diary: the 6 h dose cut self-reported total sleep time by 41 min, which approached significance (p = 0.08).",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the full text and Tables 2 and 3 (table images on PMC). Table 2 (sleep diary) total sleep time: placebo 7.82 +/- 0.54 h, 6 h before bed 7.13 +/- 0.93 h, marked p < 0.10; the text gives 41 min, p = 0.08. Table 3 (monitor) total sleep time: placebo 7.68 +/- 0.85 h; at bedtime 6.60, 3 h before 6.54, 6 h before 6.50 h, all p < 0.05 versus placebo. The monitor is a single-channel EEG headband (no polysomnography); 12 completers; the study was funded by the monitor's maker, Zeo Inc."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "aasm-2013-drake",
      "title": "Late afternoon and early evening caffeine can disrupt sleep at night",
      "publisher": "American Academy of Sleep Medicine (press release, 14 November 2013)",
      "url": "https://aasm.org/late-afternoon-and-early-evening-caffeine-can-disrupt-sleep-at-night/",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "On Drake et al. 2013: even when caffeine was taken six hours before bed, objectively measured total sleep time was reduced by more than one hour, while subjective reports suggest participants were unaware of the disturbance.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the release. It also says caffeine generally should be avoided after 5 p.m.; that recommendation is not used in any fact."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "juliano-griffiths-2004",
      "title": "A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features",
      "publisher": "Psychopharmacology (Juliano and Griffiths, 2004), via PubMed",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15448977/",
      "accessed": "2026-11-09",
      "supports": "From 57 experimental and 9 survey studies, 10 withdrawal symptoms met validity criteria: headache, fatigue, decreased energy/activeness, decreased alertness, drowsiness, decreased contentedness, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, irritability and foggy/not clearheaded. Onset typically 12-24 h after abstinence, peak intensity at 20-51 h, duration 2-9 days. Abstinence from doses as low as 100 mg/day produced symptoms.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Abstract only: read the PubMed record (PMID 15448977) through NCBI E-utilities; the Springer full text was not opened. Everything in supports is stated in the abstract. EFSA's opinion (section 4.2) cites this review for the 12-24 h onset."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-excedrin-extra-strength",
      "title": "Excedrin Extra Strength: Drug Facts (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a71074a6-cc19-4bb3-8c84-4e82a8906801",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Excedrin Extra Strength (Haleon US Holdings LLC): caffeine 65 mg in each caplet (with acetaminophen 250 mg and aspirin 250 mg); for adults and children 12 and over, 2 caplets every 6 hours, at most 8 caplets in 24 hours.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 12, effective 2024-04-22: caffeine 65 mg in each caplet (with acetaminophen 250 mg and aspirin 250 mg); for adults and children 12 and over, 2 caplets every 6 hours, at most 8 caplets in 24 hours. Labeller named by DailyMed: Haleon US Holdings LLC. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-excedrin-migraine",
      "title": "Excedrin Migraine: Drug Facts (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=7ed841fb-a61c-4868-b4e5-4f2311a5e79c",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Excedrin Migraine (Haleon US Holdings LLC): caffeine 65 mg in each caplet; for adults, 2 caplets, at most 2 caplets in 24 hours.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 14, effective 2025-06-25: caffeine 65 mg in each caplet; for adults, 2 caplets, at most 2 caplets in 24 hours. Labeller named by DailyMed: Haleon US Holdings LLC. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-excedrin-tension-headache",
      "title": "Excedrin Tension Headache: Drug Facts (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=12c074d1-81ac-47d2-8747-b018cda0058a",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Excedrin Tension Headache (Haleon US Holdings LLC): caffeine 65 mg in each caplet (with acetaminophen 500 mg); for adults and children 12 and over, 2 caplets every 6 hours, at most 6 caplets in 24 hours.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 7, effective 2024-03-13: caffeine 65 mg in each caplet (with acetaminophen 500 mg); for adults and children 12 and over, 2 caplets every 6 hours, at most 6 caplets in 24 hours. Labeller named by DailyMed: Haleon US Holdings LLC. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-anacin",
      "title": "Anacin (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=51ab0ee3-3c94-424d-a30a-2d6c14e3d8ff",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Anacin (Insight Pharmaceuticals LLC): caffeine 32 mg in each tablet (with aspirin 400 mg); for adults and children 12 and over, 2 tablets every 6 hours, at most 8 tablets in 24 hours.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 9, effective 2025-10-23: caffeine 32 mg in each tablet (with aspirin 400 mg); for adults and children 12 and over, 2 tablets every 6 hours, at most 8 tablets in 24 hours. Labeller named by DailyMed: Insight Pharmaceuticals LLC. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-midol-complete",
      "title": "Midol Complete (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ce9e6acb-a38b-4c9b-a7e8-3e1c2a49a324",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Midol Complete (Bayer HealthCare LLC): caffeine 60 mg in each caplet; for adults and children 12 and over, 2 caplets every 6 hours, at most 6 caplets a day.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 7, effective 2025-04-10: caffeine 60 mg in each caplet; for adults and children 12 and over, 2 caplets every 6 hours, at most 6 caplets a day. Labeller named by DailyMed: Bayer HealthCare LLC. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-nodoz",
      "title": "NoDoz Alertness Aid Maximum Strength (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=54d47b7a-66a1-4f86-b478-f2f8737cd030",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "NoDoz Maximum Strength (Lil' Drug Store Products, Inc.): caffeine 200 mg in each caplet; for adults and children 12 and over, half to 1 caplet, at most once every 3 to 4 hours; the label gives no daily limit.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 6, effective 2022-04-20: caffeine 200 mg in each caplet; for adults and children 12 and over, half to 1 caplet, at most once every 3 to 4 hours; the label gives no daily limit. Labeller named by DailyMed: Lil' Drug Store Products, Inc. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-vivarin",
      "title": "Vivarin (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4537a56b-e875-4961-9fff-3f778746f126",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Vivarin (Vespyr Brands LLC): caffeine 200 mg in each tablet; for adults and children 12 and over, 1 tablet, at most once every 3 to 4 hours; the label gives no daily limit.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 5, effective 2026-05-01: caffeine 200 mg in each tablet; for adults and children 12 and over, 1 tablet, at most once every 3 to 4 hours; the label gives no daily limit. Labeller named by DailyMed: Vespyr Brands LLC. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-bc-original",
      "title": "BC Original (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=226173d4-b6d5-4fe6-b24e-1cc5d1b31c88",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "BC Original (Medtech Products Inc.): caffeine 65 mg in each powder (with aspirin); for adults and children 12 and over, 1 powder every 6 hours, at most 4 powders in 24 hours.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 3, effective 2025-10-23: caffeine 65 mg in each powder (with aspirin); for adults and children 12 and over, 1 powder every 6 hours, at most 4 powders in 24 hours. Labeller named by DailyMed: Medtech Products Inc. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-goodys-extra-strength",
      "title": "Goodys Extra Strength (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d4325b17-23bc-44ac-868d-bb0886853a73",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Goody’s Extra Strength (Medtech Products Inc.): caffeine 32.5 mg in each powder (with acetaminophen 260 mg and aspirin 520 mg); for adults and children 12 and over, 1 powder every 6 hours, at most 4 packs in 24 hours.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 4, effective 2025-10-23: caffeine 32.5 mg in each powder (with acetaminophen 260 mg and aspirin 520 mg); for adults and children 12 and over, 1 powder every 6 hours, at most 4 packs in 24 hours. Labeller named by DailyMed: Medtech Products Inc. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-fioricet",
      "title": "Fioricet® Capsules (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c018be7d-f7b8-45e2-97b8-8e7a71740657",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Fioricet, prescription (Actavis Pharma, Inc.): caffeine 40 mg in each capsule (with butalbital 50 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg); 1 or 2 capsules every 4 hours, at most 6 capsules a day.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 11, effective 2025-12-10: caffeine 40 mg in each capsule (with butalbital 50 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg); 1 or 2 capsules every 4 hours, at most 6 capsules a day. Labeller named by DailyMed: Actavis Pharma, Inc. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-cafergot",
      "title": "Ergotamine Tartrate and Caffeine Tablets, USP 1 mg/100 mg (DailyMed label)",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed",
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4db7eece-2eef-bc1b-e063-6394a90a98cb",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Cafergot, prescription (Trifluent Pharma, LLC): caffeine 100 mg in each tablet (with ergotamine tartrate 1 mg); for adults, 2 tablets at the start of an attack, then 1 every half hour if needed; at most 6 tablets as the total daily dose for any one attack, and 10 tablets a week. The dataset leaves Cafergot’s 24-hour columns empty, because the label ties its limit to an attack.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Read the label on DailyMed, version 1, effective 2026-03-23: caffeine 100 mg in each tablet (with ergotamine tartrate 1 mg); for adults, 2 tablets at the start of an attack, then 1 every half hour if needed; at most 6 tablets as the total daily dose for any one attack, and 10 tablets a week. The label’s maximum adult dosage reads \"Total daily dose for any one attack should not exceed 6 tablets\" and \"Total weekly dosage should not exceed 10 tablets\". The medicine-caffeine dataset leaves its 24-hour columns empty for Cafergot: that is the dataset’s choice, because this limit is tied to an attack, not to 24 hours. Labeller named by DailyMed: Trifluent Pharma, LLC. A second reader, working without this dataset, read the same values on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-psd-coffee",
      "title": "Production, Supply and Distribution: Coffee (psd_coffee_csv.zip)",
      "publisher": "U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service",
      "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/downloads/psd_coffee_csv.zip",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Coffee, green: domestic consumption by country in the 2024 market year (2024/25), in thousand 60-kg bags of green-bean equivalent; the European Union is one row. Used for 72 countries with consumption above zero, for example Norway 805, United States 26,145, European Union 41,236.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Downloaded psd_coffee_csv.zip on 2026-11-10; its one file, psd_coffee.csv (Commodity \"Coffee, Green\", unit \"(1000 60 KG BAGS)\"), is dated 22 July 2026 and its rows carry revision stamps from 2024-12 to 2026-07 (the latest, July 2026). Filter: Attribute_Description \"Domestic Consumption\" and Market_Year 2024, one row per country, 93 countries, 72 above zero. Sample values: Norway 805, Brazil 21970, United States 26145. The usda.gov terms page (https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/policies-and-links) answered 403 on 2026-11-10, so its wording on public-domain use and the credit \"U.S. Department of Agriculture.\" was read from the mirror address https://usda.azureedge.us/node/6232. A second builder, working without this dataset, got the same 72 rows from the same files on 2026-11-10."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "un-wpp-2024",
      "title": "World Population Prospects 2024: Total Population by Sex (WPP2024_TotalPopulationBySex.csv)",
      "publisher": "United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division",
      "url": "https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Excel%20Files/1_Indicator%20(Standard)/CSV_FILES/WPP2024_TotalPopulationBySex.csv.gz",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10",
      "supports": "Total population on 1 July 2025, medium variant, in thousands, by country or area; used for the 72 countries and the European Union (27) in the coffee-per-person dataset, for example Norway 5,623.071, United States 347,275.807, European Union 448,992.586.",
      "check": {
        "result": "confirmed",
        "note": "Downloaded WPP2024_TotalPopulationBySex.csv.gz on 2026-11-10 and read the unpacked CSV (about 86 MB). Filter: Variant \"Medium\" and Time 2025, column PopTotal, matched to each country by name (15 names differ between the two files and were mapped by hand; every one of the 72 matched exactly one row). Sample values: Norway 5623.071, Canada 40126.723, Japan 123103.479. A second builder, working without this dataset, got the same 72 rows from the same files on 2026-11-10. The licence statement was not on the data download page, which carried none; it was read in the WPP 2024 Data Sources PDF (https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Data_Sources.pdf) and the Methodology PDF (https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Methodology.pdf), which both say CC BY 3.0 IGO. One WPP 2024 Excel data file, WPP2024_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT.xlsx (opened on 2026-11-10), carries in its header \"© July 2024 by United Nations, made available under a Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 IGO\"; the CSV used here was not checked for such a line."
      }
    }
  ]
}